Unit 13: Population and Migration – Class 10 English Guide

unit 13 population and migration class 10 english guide
DR Gurung
Unit-13-Population-and-Migration-Class10-English-Guide
Population and Migration Class 10 English Guide/Note.
Hello and Welcome to Unit 13 Population and Migration Class 10 English Guide/Note. The Class 10 English Unit 13 moves around the theme of its title ‘Population and Migration’. Starting with the discussion of theme population and migration, the unit initiates discussions on their profound implications. The reading texts explore global population trends and the migration of birds. The grammar exercises focus on expressing contradictions and contrast effectively while speaking activities enhance communication skills through interactive discussions. Similarly, the writing tasks involve interpreting charts, writing essays on migration challenges, and researching local migratory patterns. The listening skills also reinforce the theme of the unit, especially the implication of the growth of the human population and the decline of the natural habitat of birds and animals. Through project work, students investigate local migratory patterns. The Unit 13 Population and Migration Class 10 English Guide/Note concludes with a study on adjectives to enrich language expression.

We hope this comprehensive resource is designed to provide you with every answer to the questions posed in your textbook, focusing on Population and Migration and more as shown below -

Mainly this unit includes two main readings:

Reading I: A Century of World Population Trends: 1950 to 2050

The first reading text of this unit is an essay that presents the statistical analysis of global population trends from 1950 to 2050, sourced from World Population Prospects 2022. The text also provides insights into the historical growth and projected future of the global population, offering a comprehensive overview of demographic shifts over time.

Objectives:

  • a. To enhance the reading comprehension skills: read the text and do the comprehension tasks
  • b. To learn vocabulary: surpassing, global, assumptions, mortality, projection, demographic, offspring, stabilization, trajectories, peak, populous, etc.
  • c. To learn about the population trend of a century

Reading II: Discovering Migration: What Birds Reveal

The second reading text in this unit is an essay entitled "Discovering Migration: What Birds Reveal.” The text explores the topic of migration, particularly focusing on the remarkable journeys undertaken by birds and various aspects of this natural view. The essay also highlights the reasons behind bird migration, the challenges faced by migrating birds, and the significant role they play in ecosystems worldwide.

Objectives:

  • a. To read the text and comprehend it
  • b. To learn the vocabulary: transformed, incredible, roadmap, destinations, pace, retrace, pastures, witness, grab, elevations, waterlogged, refuel, cluster, crucial, stopover, leg, layover, perilous, etc.
  • c. To learn about the migration of birds and its reasons
Let's explore further key exercises and answers of Unit 13 Population and Migration Class 10 English Guide/Note for enhanced learning.

SEE Class 10 Compulsory English | All Units Notes:

View All SEE Class 10 Compulsory English Notes:

A Century of World Population Trends: 1950 to 2050

(Adapted from World Population Prospects 2022)

A. Match the following words with their correct meanings.

a. populous i. a path followed by something
b. mortality ii. relating to the population and different groups within it
c. projection iii. an estimation of what figures will be in the future
d. demographiciv. the process of making somebody/something unlikely to change
e. peak v. having a large population: densely populated
f. stabilization vi. to be greater than something; exceed
g. trajectory vii. the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time
h. surpass viii. completely dissimilar
i. disparate ix. to reach the highest point or value

Answer:

a. populous - v. having a large population: densely populated
b. mortality - vii. the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time
c. projection - iii. an estimation of what figures will be in the future
d. demographic - ii. relating to the population and different groups within it
e. peak - ix. to reach the highest point or value
f. stabilization - iv. the process of making somebody/something unlikely to change
g. trajectory - i. a path followed by something
h. surpass - vi. to be greater than something; exceed
i. disparate - viii. completely dissimilar

B. Complete the following sentences with the correct information from the text.

Answer:

a. The highest population growth rate in the past hundred years was 2.1% per year.
b. Population growth rate is likely to reach below one percent by mid-twenty-first century.
c. The factors that determine the growth rate of the world population are fertility and mortality.
d. In the early 2020s, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia had the 2.3 billion population.
e. The population of the sub-Saharan region is likely to reach above two billion by the end of the 2040s.
f. The low level of fertility will cause a fall in population size of Europe and Northern America by late 2030s.
g. India is likely to exceed the population of China by 2023.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What was the size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century?

Answer: The size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century was 5 billion.

b. What was the fastest population growth rate in the past century?

Answer: The fastest population growth rate in the past century was around 2.1 percent per year.

c. Why has the population growth rate declined in recent years?

Answer: The population growth rate has declined in recent years primarily due to reduced levels of fertility.

d. What is the predicted world population size by 2050?

Answer: The predicted world population size by 2050 is 9.7 billion.

e. How do fertility and mortality contribute to the size of the population?

Answer: The fertility and mortality are the two most important factors that contribute to the size of a population. Fertility refers to the number of births that occur within a population, while mortality refers to the number of deaths. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population will grow in size, and when the death rate is higher than the birth rate, the population will decrease in size. Therefore, fertility and mortality rates are crucial in determining the growth or decline of a population.

f. Which countries contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia?

Answer: China and India contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, with each having more than 1.4 billion people in 2022.

g. Why will population regions have a different population variation in the next 30 years?

Answer: Population regions will have different population variations in the next 30 years due to factors such as varying fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and government policies related to population control.

h. Which countries are most likely to contribute to the growth of world population by 2050?

Answer: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania are most likely to to contribute to the growth of world population by 2050.

D. Do you think the world population will increase as projected in the text? Discuss.

Answer:

The world population is unlikely to increase in the future as projected. There are changes in many factors affecting population growth such as changes in how many babies people have, advancements in medicine, and people’s awareness about the consequences of uncontrolled population growth. So, while it is estimated to double by 2050, actual population growth may deviate from these projections due to changing conditions and factors such as fertility rates, healthcare advancements, and societal norms.

Grammar I

A. Match the sentence halves and make meaningful sentences.

a. We continued the match i. however, I always reach my office on time.
b. Dolma was selected for the post ii. yet it was not too cold.
c. Christina attended the class iii. despite looking very sociable.
d. I often leave home quite early iv. though it was raining heavily.
e. Chintamani never participates in social functions v. though it was raining heavily.
f. It was snowing heavily vi. although we had the map of the town with us.
g. He did not give up smoking vii. even though she had no prior experience for the job.
h. I have never been to Bandipur viii. despite the fact that she was not feeling well.
i. We were lost in the town ix. in spite of the warnings of the doctor.
Answer:

a. We continued the match - v. though it was raining heavily.
b. Dolma was selected for the post - vii. even though she had no prior experience for the job.
c. Christina attended the class - viii. despite the fact that she was not feeling well.
d. I often leave home quite early - i. however, I always reach my office on time.
e. Chintamani never participates in social functions - iii. despite looking very sociable.
f. It was snowing heavily - ii. yet it was not too cold.
g. He did not give up smoking - ix. in spite of the warnings of the doctor.
h. I have never been to Bandipur - iv. though it is not far from my home.
i. We were lost in the town - vi. although we had the map of the town with us.

Writing I

Study the graph and chart below and write an interpretation of each of them.

a. Nepali Student Migration

nepali-student-migration
Nepali Students Migration graph
Answer:

The given bar graph represents the migration of Nepali students over a ten-year period, from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019.

In the academic year 2009/2010, there were 26,948 Nepali students who migrated for educational purposes. The following year, in 2010/2011, the number dropped significantly to 11,912. However, the number of Nepali student migrants gradually increased in the subsequent years.

From 2011/2012 to 2012/2013, there was a slight decrease in migration, with 10,258 and 16,499 students respectively. However, in 2013/2014, there was a notable increase to 28,126 students. This upward trend continued in the next academic years, with 30,696 students in 2014/2015 and 37,037 students in 2015/2016.

The highest increase in student migration occurred from 2015/2016 to 2016/2017, where the number jumped to 50,659 students. This spike indicates a significant rise in the number of Nepali students seeking educational opportunities abroad. The trend continued to rise in the following years, reaching 58,758 students in 2017/2018 and 63,259 students in 2018/2019.

Overall, bar chart illustrates a consistent growth in Nepali student migration for educational purposes over the specified period, reflecting increasing opportunities and aspirations for higher education among Nepali students.

b. Distribution of Population of Kathmandu Metropolitan in Terms of Languages (Based on the population census of 2011.

Population-of-Kathmandu-Metropolitan
Population of Kathmandu Metropolitan.
Answer:

The given pie chart illustrates the distribution of the population in Kathmandu Metropolitan in terms of languages, based on the population census of 2011. The chart provides a breakdown of the population according to different language groups.

The largest segment of the population, comprising approximately 61.26%, identifies Nepali as their primary language. This indicates that Nepali is the most widely spoken language among the residents of Kathmandu Metropolitan. Following Nepali, the next significant language group is Newar, representing approximately 19% of the population. This suggests a substantial presence of Newar speakers within the metropolitan area. Other notable language groups include Tamang (approximately 1.60%), Gurung (approximately 5.55%), and Maithili (approximately 1.81%). These groups, while smaller in proportion compared to Nepali and Newar, still represent significant linguistic diversity within the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan. The remaining language groups, such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, Magar, and Sherpa, each contribute to the overall linguistic landscape of the metropolitan area, albeit to a lesser extent.

Overall, the pie chart highlights the rich linguistic diversity present in Kathmandu Metropolitan, with Nepali being the dominant language followed by various ethnic and indigenous languages spoken by smaller segments of the population.

Reading II

Discovering Migration: What Birds Reveal

(Adapted from Animal Behaviour by Gretel H Schueller and Sheila K. Schueller)

B. Complete sentences (a-f) with their correct endings (i-vii).

a. In the past, people had the misconception that
b. To supply themselves with energy
c. When the weather is favorable in spring
d. As a sign of partial migration
e. To wait for a favorable weather
f. For better flying conditions

i. some birds travel to a different place while others do not.
ii. some birds stop to feed themselves with grains.
iii. birds fly back to their habitats.
iv. birds hid underground or changed into some other birds.
v. some birds stop to feed themselves with grains.
vi. birds fly rapidly like the marathon players.
vii. birds fly in large groups.

Answer:

a. In the past, people had the misconception that birds hid underground or changed into some other birds.
b. To supply themselves with energy, some birds stop to feed themselves with grains.
c. When the weather is favorable in spring, birds fly back to their habitats.
d. As a sign of partial migration, some birds choose to fly during the night.
e. To wait for a favorable weather, birds fly in large groups.
f. For better flying conditions, birds fly rapidly like the marathon players.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What is incredible about the migration of birds?

Answer: The incredible thing about the migration of birds is they can travel miles away over land and oceans without a roadmap or compass.

b. What things do birds consider while flying to their destinations?

Answer: Birds consider factors such as changing winds, their weight, storms, and energy.

c. Which animals other than the birds migrate to new places?

Answer: Other animals that migrate include insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and mammals.

d. What do scoters dive underwater for?

Answer: Scoters dive underwater to search for and feed on their primary food source, which includes shellfish, small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans.

e. Which birds travel up and down instead of going north to south?

Answer: Mountain birds, such as brindled titmice and mountain chickadees travel up and down instead of going north to south.

f. What is partial migration of birds?

Answer: Partial migration refers to a situation where only a portion of a bird population migrates, while the rest of the population remains in their breeding or wintering grounds throughout the year.

g. Why can sea terns not stay long in water?

Answer: Sea terns cannot stay long in water because their bodies are not adapted for prolonged underwater activities. They are primarily aerial birds and depend on flying for hunting, feeding, and other activities. Their feathers are not fully waterproof, which limits their ability to stay in water for extended periods.

h. How do birds feed themselves during their journeys?

Answer: Birds feed themselves during their journeys by making frequent stops along their migration route to find food sources such as insects, seeds, fruits, and other small organisms. They may also rely on stored fat reserves that they accumulated prior to migration to sustain them during long flights between feeding locations.

i. What are the signs of birds flying in the night sky?

Answer: The signs of birds flying in the night sky include the formation of large flocks or V-shaped patterns as they migrate, the calls and sounds they make during flight, and their silhouettes against the moon or stars. Some birds, particularly nocturnal migrants, may also emit distinctive flight calls that can be heard during the night.

D. You might have seen or heard of animals migrating to new places. What could be the reasons for animals to migrate? Discuss.

Answer:

Yes, I have seen or heard of animals migrating to new places. The several reasons why animals migrate to new places are -
① - Food availability: Animals may migrate to areas where food resources are abundant. This is especially common in seasonal environments where food availability changes throughout the year.

② - Breeding opportunities: Many animals migrate to specific areas for breeding purposes. They seek out suitable habitats with ample resources and favorable conditions for reproduction and raising their young.

③ - Climate and weather: Animals may migrate to escape harsh weather conditions, such as extreme cold or drought. They move to regions with more favorable climates to ensure their survival and well-being.

④ - Predation and competition: Migration can also be driven by the need to avoid predators or reduce competition for resources. Animals may move to new areas where there are fewer predators or less competition for food and mates.

⑤ - Habitats and habitat loss: Some species migrate in response to changes in their natural habitats. If their habitats become degraded or destroyed, they may need to seek alternative locations for survival.

In overall, migration is an adaptive behavior that allows animals to optimize their chances of survival and reproductive success by exploiting different habitats and resources throughout the year.

Grammar II

A. Complete the sentences below with the correct alternatives from the brackets.

Answer:

a. Even though we have different ideologies (we have different ideologies, we have similar ideologies), we are intimate friends.
b. (Despite/ Even though) Despite our hard efforts, we could not establish a hospital in the village.
c. (Even though/ In spite of) Even though the film was very popular, it was a commercial failure.
d. I enjoyed all the luxuries of life despite the fact (despite the fact/ though) that I grew up in a remote village.
e. I watched a late night movie. However (However, In spite of) I didn't feel sleepy in the morning class.
f. Even though scientists have made lots of research (scientists have made lots of research, scientists have made no research), there is no evidence of life on mars.
g. (Even though/ In spite of) In spite of my efforts, I can't ever score excellent marks in the exam.
h. My room was burgled although (although/yet) I had locked it securely before going out.
i. I called Siddhartha several times but (in spite of/ but) he did not respond.
j. Even though we had not invited them they came to the party (they came to the party/ they did not come to the party.

B. Join the following pairs of sentences with the connectives given in the brackets.

a. I was really exhausted. I could not sleep well. (although)
Answer: I was really exhausted, although I could not sleep well.

b. She did not meet the requirements. She was shortlisted for the job. (In spite of)
Answer: She did not meet the requirements; In spite of that, She was shortlisted for the job.

c. I decided to work for the company. The pay was quite low. (Even though)
Answer: Even though the pay was quite low, I decided to work for the company.

d. We lost the match. We had prepared for the match really well. (Yet)
Answer: We lost the match, yet we had prepared for the match really well.

e. Dipisha completed her assignment. She had badly injured her hand. (Despite)
Answer: Despite having badly injured her hand, Dipisha completed her assignment.

f. Kripa exercises every day, she is gaining weight. (However)
Answer: However, Kripa exercises every day, she is gaining weight.

g. Barcelona won the match. They were limited to ten players. (Nevertheless)
Answer: Barcelona won the match; nevertheless, they were limited to ten players.

h. I love to watch cricket on TV. My brother loves to watch football. (While)
Answer: While I love to watch cricket on TV, my brother loves to watch football.

i. He had not gone to bed until midnight. He woke up early in the morning. (In spite of)
Answer: In spite of not having gone to bed until midnight, he woke up early in the morning.

j. He was selected for the school team. He had not played well. (Although)
Answer: Although he had not played well, he was selected for the school team.

Writing II

Write an essay on 'The Impacts of Migration'

Answer:

Impacts of Migration

In recent years, many young people and skilled workers have been leaving Nepal to find better opportunities in other countries. This kind of migration has made people worry about how it affects Nepal's society and economy.

One big problem is called brain drain. This happens when smart and skilled people leave Nepal, making it hard for the country to grow and do new things, especially in areas like healthcare, teaching, and technology. Also, because these smart people leave, there aren't enough skilled workers in Nepal, making it hard for the country to reach its goals for growth.

To help with these problems, Nepal needs to focus on keeping its talented people and helping them grow. This means investing in education and training so young people have the skills to help Nepal. The government can also do things like offer better pay and chances to move up in jobs to keep skilled workers from leaving. It's also important to encourage new ideas and businesses. By doing things like helping new businesses start and grow, Nepal can make a better environment for smart and skilled people to stay and help their country.

In short, many young people and skilled workers leaving Nepal is a big problem. But by helping talented people stay and grow, Nepal can overcome these problems and make the most of its talented youth for a better future.
Or,

Impacts of Migration

Migration has profound and far-reaching impacts on individuals, communities, and nations. This phenomenon has been a constant throughout human history, driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, and environmental changes. While the effects of migration are multifaceted, they can be broadly categorized into social, economic, and cultural dimensions.

Firstly, migration significantly influences the social fabric of both sending and receiving countries. In sending countries, the departure of individuals can lead to a loss of human capital, particularly if skilled workers leave in search of better opportunities abroad. This brain drain can hinder development efforts. Conversely, in receiving countries, migration can contribute to demographic changes and cultural diversity, enriching societies but also presenting integration challenges.

Economically, migration can have positive and negative impacts. Migrants often fill labor
gaps in receiving countries, contributing to economic growth. However, if not properly managed, they may also strain social services and infrastructure. Remittances sent by migrants to their home countries can be a vital source of income, helping to alleviate poverty and support development.

Culturally, migration fosters cultural exchange and diversity. It brings together people from different backgrounds, promoting tolerance and understanding. However, it can also lead to cultural tensions and conflicts if not managed inclusively.

In conclusion, migration is a complex phenomenon with wide-ranging consequences. Its impacts depend on various factors, including the scale, nature, and management of migration. To maximize the benefits and minimize the challenges, policymakers must adopt comprehensive and inclusive approaches to address the social, economic, and cultural dimensions of migration.

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DR Gurung
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