Unit 5: Science and Experiment – Class 10 English Guide

unit 5 science and experiment class 10 english guide
DR Gurung
Unit-5-Science-and-Experiment-Class10-English-Guide
Science and Experiment Class 10 English Guide/Note.
Hello and Welcome to Unit 5 Science and Experiment Class 10 English Guide/Note. This unit is based in the theme ‘Science and Experiment’. Science is a study of natural principles. We often test such natural principles through experiments. Science lives because human beings are curious and experimental. This unit carries two reading tasks related to the theme. In addition, there are tasks related to pronunciation, speaking, listening, writing and project work. The unit deals the language function of expressing conditions which is also dealt in grammar section.

Here's a comprehensive guide to Unit 5: Science and Experiment for Class 10 English, based on the new curriculum (2080 B.S.). Mainly this unit includes two main readings:

Reading I: "Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature"

This article explores the phenomenon where water can boil at room temperature under certain conditions.

Key Concepts

  • Boiling Point and Pressure: Water boils when its vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. Lowering atmospheric pressure can reduce the boiling point.

  • Experiment Demonstration: Using a syringe with water, sealing it, and reducing the pressure inside can cause the water to boil without heating.

Reading II: "The Voice of the Rain" by Walt Whitman

This poem personifies rain, portraying it as a voice that speaks to the poet, explaining its role in the natural cycle.

Let's explore further key exercises and answers of Unit 5 Science and Experiment Class 10 English Guide for enhanced learning.

SEE Class 10 Compulsory English | All Units Notes:

View All SEE Class 10 Compulsory English Notes:

Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings.

Answer:

a. the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level - altitude
b. a group of atoms bonded together - molecule
c. a state in which opposing forces are balanced - equilibrium
d. to change from a gas or vapour to a liquid - condense
e. a piece of unreliable information that is repeated so often that it is accepted as the fact - factoid
f. a space or container from which the air has been removed - vacuum
g. a device that is used to remove blockages from the drain of a basin or tub - plunger

B. Complete the sentences with the correct words or phrases from the text.

Answer:

a. Water bubbles break down if vapour pressure inside and outside the bubbles is equal.
b. As the altitude goes up, the boiling point of water decreases.
c. Random motion of molecules or particles is called thermal motion.
d. If the door does not open, try pushing the key in the lock.
e. Certain chemicals can induce undesirable changes in the nervous system.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What is the speed of the water particles compared with?

Answer: The speed of the water particles is compared with the height of a group of adult humans.

b. How are bubbles formed in the boiling water?

Answer: Bubbles are formed in boiling water with the formation of water vapour that rises to the surface of the water in the form of small bubbles.

c. Mention two things on which external pressure depends.

Answer: The two things the external pressure depends on are the depth and density of water and mass of the atmosphere.

d. How is the atmosphere related to the pressure of water?

Answer: The atmosphere is related to the pressure of water as the atmospheric pressure applies a force on the surface of water.

e. What would happen if the atmospheric pressure on the liquid water was decreased?

Answer: If the atmospheric pressure on the liquid water was decreased, the boiling point of water would decrease and it would boil the water at a lower temperature.

f. What would the experimenter gain if s/he pulled the plunger out?

Answer: If the experimenter pulled the plunger out, she would gain the decreased pressure in the liquid that induces boiling at a lower temperature.

D. What would happen on the Earth if there were no gravity?

Answer:

Without gravity on Earth, everything would float away into space, including people, animals, and objects. Earth's shape and its relationship with the Sun would change, disrupting the familiar dynamics of our solar system and leading to the end of most existing systems.

In the absence of gravity, objects would have no weight and would be weightless, which would be a fascinating experience for a short period of time.

In addition to the impact on Earth, the loss of gravity would also have significant consequences for space travel. Without gravity, it would be impossible for spacecraft to orbit the Earth or other celestial bodies, making it difficult to explore and study space.
Or,

Answer:
If there were no gravity on Earth, the consequences would be extreme and life as we know it would not exist. Here's what would happen:

  1. Everything Would Float:
    All objects, including people, animals, oceans, and the atmosphere, would drift off into space because gravity is what holds everything on Earth’s surface.

  2. The Atmosphere Would Disappear:
    Gravity keeps the air around our planet. Without it, the atmosphere would escape into space, making it impossible to breathe.

  3. The Earth Itself Would Break Apart:
    Gravity holds the Earth together in a spherical shape. Without it, Earth’s materials could fly apart into space.

  4. No Orbits or Moon:
    The Moon orbits Earth due to gravity. Without it, the Moon would drift away, and tides (which are caused by the Moon’s gravity) would vanish.

  5. No Water Cycle or Weather:
    Gravity drives rain to fall, rivers to flow, and oceans to stay in place. Without gravity, the water cycle and all weather systems would collapse.

  6. No Life:
    Gravity is essential for keeping the environment stable enough for life. Without it, no organisms could survive.

Grammar I

A. Match the clauses in Column A with their appropriate continuation in Column B.

Column A Column B
a. If you go to Taplejung i. if you follow the doctor's advice.
b. You will get well soon ii. unless you go behind it.
c. The horse won't kick you iii. you can see the Pathibhara temple.
d. If I were you iv. if you heat water?
e. What happens v. if I did not reach the bus stop on time.
f. I would miss the bus vi. I would see a doctor.
g. Provided that they discussed properly vii. they won't have misunderstanding.
h. As long as they communicate well viii. the problem might be solved.

Answers:

a. If you go to Taplejung - iii. you can see the Pathibhara temple.
b. You will get well soon - i. if you follow the doctor's advice.
c. The horse won't kick you - ii. unless you go behind it.
d. If I were you - vi. I would see a doctor.
e. What happens - iv. if you heat water?
f. I would miss the bus - v. if I did not reach the bus stop on time.
g. Provided that they discussed properly - vii. they won't have misunderstanding.
h. As long as they communicate well - viii. the problem might be solved.

B. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs in brackets.

Answer:
a. If it is cold. I will wear (wear) a coat.
b. If Purna helps with the housework, his mother will have (have) more time for him.
c. If I were a bird, I would make (make) a good observation of the land below.
d. If I went (go) to Mustang. I would visit Muktinath.
e. If I were (be) a billionaire, I would buy a castle.
f. You'd save petrol if you drove (drive) more carefully.
g. Say 'hello' if you see (see) her.
h. Provided that you consent (consent). I will take a few days' leave next week.
i. Take care of the pence, the pounds will take (take) care of themselves.

Writing I

Write stepwise instructions to draw a jellyfish as given below. You may use the following words and phrases.

[circle, lines, semi-straight, creaky, on top of, above, below]

Here is the stepwise instructions to draw a Jellyfish:-

  1. First of all, take your pencil and draw a large circle in the middle of your paper. This circle will be the main body or umbrella of your jellyfish.
  2. Then, extend long, somewhat straight lines downward from the bottom of the circle. These will become the jellyfish's tentacles. Make them a bit irregular or semi-straight to give the jellyfish a natural and creaky appearance.
  3. On top of the circle, draw several curved lines radiating outward. These lines will add a flowing look to your jellyfish.
  4. Within the central circle, draw a smaller circle slightly above the center. This smaller circle will be a distinctive detail on the jellyfish's body.
  5. Draw a few more circles of different sizes on the jellyfish's umbrella, both above and below the center. These circles will contribute to the overall texture of your jellyfish.
  6. Finally, take a moment to review your drawing and make any necessary adjustments.
Remember to take your time and have fun while drawing the jellyfish. Feel free to add your own creative touches and make it uniquely yours.

Reading II

The Voice of the Rain

Summary of the poem "The Voice of the Rain"

The Voice of the Rain signifies the everlasting role that rain plays in nourishing, quenching, purifying and nurturing the different elements of Mother Earth. The poet recalls his conversation with the falling rain. The poet asks the rain, “And who art thou?” to which the rain replies by calling herself to be the poet of the Earth. The rain then goes on to describe how it rises from the land and then floats up above heaven, where it eventually changes its form and becomes clouds. Then again cyclically, it falls back to the Earth and refreshes the dry patched lands, allowing the seeds to grow into a beautiful sapling. The poet finds a similarity between the music and rain. He feels that both share similar features. He feels both music and rain take birth from the heart of the Earth and after fulfilling its deed returns to its soul. He tells us that the soft and light music of rain is a song of the Earth itself.

A. Match the words in Column A with their meanings in Column B.

Column A Column B
a. eternal i. come down
b. impalpable ii. unclearly
c. vaguelyiii. indivisible particles
d. descend iv. to take care of
e. lave v. not easily understood
f. atomies vi. to pour out as water
g. reck vii. never-ending

Answer:

a. eternal - vii. never-ending
b. impalpable - v. not easily understood
c. vaguely - ii. unclearly
d. descend - i. come down
e. lave - vi. to pour out as water
f. atomies - iii. indivisible particles
g. reck - iv. to take care of

B. Fill in the blanks choosing the words given below.

[impalpable, recks, globe, drought, beautify, latent]

Answer:

a. The river ran dry during the drought.
b. It is still impalpable to understand how the earth originated
c. The company produces a wide variety of make up and skin care products designed to gently and effectively beautify human skin.
d. His greatest ambition is to sail around the globe.
e. Without training, his musical talent remained latent.
f. What recks it whether they win or lose?

C. Complete the summary of the poem using suitable words or phrases given below.

[quenches, rhythm, mysterious, heal, atomies, condensation, ascends, showers, originality]

Answers:

Summary of the Poem "Voice of the Rain"
The poem is a conversation between the poet and the rain. When the poet asks the identity of the drizzle, she replies that she is the poem of the Earth. The rain expresses that it gives happiness to mother earth.

The rain is a perpetual process which has different forms at different times. It rises from the land as water vapour and ascends high up to the sky. It takes the form of clouds. Though it changes its form or shape, its originality remains unchanged. It shows that nature is not fully understood. Some parts of it always remain mysterious.

The raindrops pour down from above to wash away atomies and dust layers. It quenches the thirst of the dry Earth and heals everything that is becoming lifeless. In other words, the showers make the Earth pure and beautiful.

Finally, the poet observes that the life of rain is similar to that of a song. A song also has a power to calm, heal, transform and thrill. In the same way, repeated evaporation and condensation purifies the rain. It beautifies the whole Earth as a rhythm does to a poem or a music.

D. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the two voices in the poem? Who do they belong to?

Answer: The two voices in the poem are the speaker and the rain. The speaker is a nature lover and the rain represents enchanting nature.

b. How is the cyclic movement of the rain shown in the poem?

Answer: The cyclic movement of the rain is shown in the poem by describing how rain water begins its journey from the land and sea as water vapour, goes through condensation, and returns to the same land in the form of rain water.

c. Why are the showers necessary for the Earth?

Answer: Showers are necessary for the Earth because they provide water to the plants and animals. And also wash away dust and pollutants.

d. How are the rain and music similar?

Answer: The rain and music are similar as both of them are lovely to listen to and both possess the ability to calm and transform the world.

e. How are the clouds formed?

Answer: The clouds are formed when the water vapour takes height and condenses into tiny droplets before they drop down to the earth in the form of rainfall.

f. List the pairs of opposite words in the poem.

Answer: The the pairs of opposite words in the poem are:

rise/descend
rain/draught
day/night
reck'd/unreck'd (recked/unrecked)

E. What may happen on the Earth if it does not rain for a long time? Discuss in a group.

Answer:

If the Earth does not have rainfall for a long time, it may lead to severe consequences. Prolonged droughts lead to water scarcity, affecting agriculture and causing crop failures. The lack of water reduces soil moisture, hindering plant growth and diminishing food production. Ecosystems suffer as water sources dry up, threatening the survival of various species. Water scarcity also impacts human communities, leading to shortages of drinking water and creating conflicts over resources. Additionally, the absence of rain contributes to higher temperatures and exacerbates heat waves, leading to desertification and the spread of wildfires.

Or

If it does not rain for a long time, Earth faces drought, and several serious problems can occur:

  1. Water Shortage:
    Rivers, lakes, and groundwater sources dry up, leading to a lack of water for drinking, farming, and industry.

  2. Crop Failure:
    Farmers depend on rain to grow crops. Without it, plants wither and die, causing food shortages and higher prices.

  3. Soil Degradation:
    Without rain, soil becomes dry and loose, leading to erosion by wind and a loss of fertility.

  4. Wildfires:
    Dry vegetation increases the risk of forest and grassland fires, which can spread rapidly and destroy large areas.

  5. Economic Problems:
    Agriculture and water-dependent industries suffer, causing job losses and higher living costs.

  6. Health Issues:
    Dust, heat, and a lack of clean water can lead to diseases, dehydration, and poor sanitation.

  7. Environmental Damage:
    Plants and animals that rely on regular rainfall may die or migrate, affecting ecosystems.

Grammar II

A. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs in brackets.

a. If Gaurab were the captain, the team ... (play) better.
Answer: If Gaurab were the captain, the team would play better.

b. I .....(call) you had I known you were in Nepal.
Answer: I would have called you had I known you were in Nepal.

c. If he ... ....(not/come ) to Nepal, he would not have seen Mt. Everest.
Answer: If he hadn't come to Nepal. he would not have seen Mt. Everest.

d. Had you arrived a bit earlier, you ....... (see) Manashi.
Answer: Had you arrived a bit earlier, you would have seen Manashi.

e. We could slow down global warming if we ...... (reduce) energy consumption.
Answer: We could slow down global warming if we reduces energy consumption.

f. If he were to see me, he ....... (know) me at once.
Answer: If he were to see me, he would know me at once.

g. Were Rijisa in the USA, she ...... (be) working for a company.
Answer: Were Rijisa in the USA, she would be working for a company.

h. How would you feel if someone ..... (ask) you for an autograph?
Answer: How would you feel if someone asked you for an autograph?

i. What .... (you/do) if Keshab had proposed you for marriage?
Answer: What would you have done if Keshab had proposed you for marriage?

j. If I ...... (have) a life jacket, I could certainly swim across the river.
Answer: If I had a life jacket, I could certainly swim across the river.

B. Complete the following sentences with appropriate clauses.

a. If you don't leave soon, ......
Answer: If you don't leave soon, you may get late.

b. If it rains in winter, ......
Answer: If it rains in winter, it will be too cold.

c. ...... as long as you tell the truth.
Answer: They will trust you as long as you tell the truth.

e. A country cannot develop unless ......
Answer: A country cannot develop unless politicians become sincere.

f. ....... if they insult you?
Answer: What will you do if they insult you?

Writing II

B. Write a letter of complaint to the concerned authority about the unmanaged garbage in your locality. Mention the hazards of unmanaged garbage to public health and suggest some measures to solve the problem.

Answer:


Rambachchha-1, Waling
May 09, 2025

The Chairperson,
Waling Municipality,
Syangja, Gandaki.

Subject: Urgent Complaint Regarding Unmanaged Garbage in Our Locality

Dear sir,
I am writing to bring to your attention a matter of significant concern that has been affecting the well-being and safety of residents in our locality - the issue of unmanaged garbage. I am a resident of Waling Municipality and have observed a threatening increase of waste in various areas. The unmanaged waste has resulted in various public health hazards and impacted the overall quality of life in our community.

The uncontrolled disposal of garbage has led to several hazards that demand immediate attention. Some of the key concerns include:
Health Risks: The unmanaged garbage has become a breeding ground for pests, insects, and rats, posing a direct threat to public health. The potential spread of diseases and infections is a significant worry for all residents.
Environmental Impact: The improper disposal of waste has adverse effects on our local environment. It contaminates soil and water sources, affecting the flora and fauna in the vicinity.
Odor and Nuisance: The stink coming from the accumulated waste is not only unpleasant but also affects the quality of air in the vicinity. This poses a significant nuisance to residents and visitors alike.

To address this pressing issue, I would like to suggest the following measures:
Regular Garbage Collection: Implement a more frequent and efficient garbage collection system to ensure that waste is promptly and systematically removed from residential areas.
Public Awareness Campaigns: Launch campaigns to educate residents about the importance of responsible waste disposal, recycling, and the adverse effects of littering.
Enforcement of Regulations: Strengthen the enforcement of existing regulations related to waste management and impose penalties for improper disposal.
Community Clean-Up Initiatives: Organize periodic community clean-up drives involving residents, local businesses, and community groups to foster a sense of responsibility.

I believe that by taking swift and decisive action, we can address this issue and create a healthier and more livable environment for all residents. I look forward to seeing positive changes in the near future.
Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,
Nischal Gurung

Project work

Study a local technology used in your locality, Take notes of its working principles and present it to the class.

Answer:


Title: Local Technology: Biogas Plant


Introduction: Today, I would like to present to you a local technology that has been widely adopted in our locality: the Biogas Plant. This innovative technology harnesses the power of organic waste to produce clean and renewable energy in the form of biogas. Let's delve into its working principles and understand its significance.

Working Principles:

Feedstock Collection: The process begins by collecting organic waste such as kitchen waste, agricultural residues, animal manure, and sewage.

Fermentation: The collected feedstock is then fed into an airtight container called the digester, which facilitates the fermentation process. The digester provides an oxygen-free environment, allowing bacteria and microorganisms to break down the organic matter.

Anaerobic Digestion: Within the digester, anaerobic bacteria decompose the organic material, resulting in the production of biogas. Anaerobic digestion is a natural process where organic matter is broken down in the absence of oxygen, releasing methane and carbon dioxide gases.

Biogas Collection: The generated biogas, primarily consisting of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), rises to the top of the digester, where it is collected and stored.

Gas Utilization: The collected biogas can be utilized for various purposes. It can be used for cooking, heating, and lighting by connecting the biogas plant to gas stoves, lamps, or other appliances. Biogas can also be used to generate electricity and meet the energy needs of the community.

Significance:

Renewable Energy: The use of biogas provides a renewable source of energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

Waste Management: Biogas plants effectively handle organic waste, reducing the burden on landfills and preventing the release of harmful greenhouse gases during decomposition.

Environmental Benefits: Biogas production reduces the release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Additionally, it helps in reducing air pollution by replacing traditional biomass fuels and fossil fuels.

Cost Savings: Utilizing biogas for cooking and heating purposes can significantly reduce household energy expenses, especially in rural areas where alternative fuel sources may be expensive or scarce.

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