Unit 11: Ethics and Morality – Class 10 English Guide

unit 11 ethics and morality class 10 english guide
DR Gurung
Unit-11-Ethics-and-Morality-Class10-English-Guide
Ethics and Morality Class 10 English Guide/Note.
Hello and Welcome to Unit 11 Ethics and Morality Class 10 English Guide/Note. The Class 10 English Unit 11 spins around the theme ethics and morality. Ethics refers to the principles that govern what is considered right or wrong, while morality encompasses the principles and values individuals or societies use to distinguish between good and bad conduct. The Unit 11 Ethics and Morality Class 10 English Guide/Note carries two reading tasks related to the theme. In addition to the regular tasks of pronunciation, and listening, the unit 11 Ethics and Morality includes grammar and language function: agreeing and disagreeing, negation, and subject-verb agreement, and writing tasks: rewriting a story and letter of condolence/sympathy. Here, we have a brief overview of the unit.

We hope this comprehensive resource is designed to provide you with every answer to the questions posed in your textbook, focusing on Ethics and Morality and more as shown below -

Mainly this unit includes two main readings:

Reading I: Wisdom of Little Girls

The first reading text in this unit is a story "Wisdom of Little Girls" by Leo Tolstoy.

Objectives:

  • a. To learn the vocabulary: sledging, homestead, finery, fancy, abusing, splash, puddle, plumped, scrambled, folly, pacify, lassies, etc.
  • b. To read the short story and do the comprehension tasks

Reading II: World Record

The second reading text in this unit is a short drama "World Record".

Objectives:

  • a. To learn the vocabulary: contender, charming, exploration, pardon, blistering, scorching, ironically, etc.
  • b. To read the text and do the comprehension tasks
Let's explore further key exercises and answers of Unit 11 Ethics and Morality Class 10 English Guide/Note for enhanced learning.

SEE Class 10 Compulsory English | All Units Notes:

View All SEE Class 10 Compulsory English Notes:

Wisdom of Little Girls

"The Wisdom of Little Girls" by Leo Tolstoy is a very short story (or anecdote) that illustrates a moral lesson through the simple and sincere actions of children. It reflects Tolstoy’s belief in the purity and innate goodness of children, and how they often embody true Christian virtues better than adults.

Summary of Wisdom of Little Girls:

In "The Wisdom of Little Girls," two little girls are given a piece of bread. Instead of eating it all themselves, they break it in half and share it with one another. Leo Tolstoy contrasts this act with the behavior of adults, who often argue, hoard, or act selfishly when it comes to wealth and resources.

Through this simple act of kindness and fairness, the little girls demonstrate a wisdom and moral clarity that many adults lack. Tolstoy uses this moment to show that true wisdom lies not in complexity, but in compassion, sharing, and selflessness—qualities children often display naturally.

Key Themes:

  • Innocence and virtue of children

  • Simplicity as moral wisdom

  • Critique of adult selfishness

  • Christian ethics: sharing and love for others

It’s a brief but powerful piece that echoes Tolstoy’s lifelong commitment to moral and spiritual reflection through everyday moments.

A. Replace the words or phrases in red in the sentences below with the correct words from the brackets.

abusing finery lassies scrambled
fancy  follyrejoicing chip
a. The lassies were dressed in their best clothes to go to the party.
Answer: The lassies were dressed in their best finery to go to the party.

b. Do you sometimes imagine of living in a luxurious house?
Answer: Do you sometimes fancy of living in a luxurious house?

c. When Shila was chased by a dog she managed to climb quickly onto the wall.
Answer: When Shila was chased by a dog she scrambled quickly onto the wall.

d. The young girls rejoiced everyone with their performance.
Answer: The young lassies rejoiced everyone with their performance.

e. It was his stupidity to leave the bike unlocked in the street.
Answer: It was his folly to leave the bike unlocked in the street.

f. Each one accused the other of cheating. Soon, they started mistreating each other.
Answer: Each one accused the other of cheating. Soon, they started abusing each other.

g. Could you please give me a piece of paper? I can't find the duster.
Answer: Could you please give me a chip of paper? I can't find the duster.

h. The farmers danced in happiness when it rained after a long drought.
Answer: The farmers rejoiced when it rained after a long drought.

B. Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences.

a. The two little girls were dressed in new frocks probably because ..........
i. they were twins.
ii. they had to go to church.
iii. they went to the same school.

Answer: ii. they had to go to church.

b. When Malasha was going to splash into the puddle ..........
i. Akoulya asked Malasha not to go into the puddle.
ii. Akoulya asked her Malasha to take off her shoes and stockings before going.
iii. Akoulya asked Malasha to go into the puddle alone.
Answer: ii. Akoulya asked Malasha to take off her shoes and stockings before going.

c. While running home, the girls were caught ..........
i. Akoulya's mother
ii. Malasha's mother
iii. Akoulya's grandmother
Answer: i. Akoulya's mother

d. Akoulya's grandmother ..........
i. was able to calm down the crowd
ii. could not calm down the crowd
iii. chased away the crowd with stones
Answer: ii. Could not calm down the crowd

e. While the men were busy fighting, the two girls ..........
i. joined the fight of the men
ii. played a game together
iii. started to fight with each other
Answer: ii. Played a game together

f. At the end, the men ..........
i. were guilty of their deed
ii. were pleased with their deed
iii. were proud of their deed
Answer: i. were guilty of their deed

C. Answer these questions.

a. How were the girls dressed?
Answer: The girls were dressed in new frocks, one in a blue frock and the other in a yellow print. They both had red kerchiefs on their heads.
b. Where did the girls begin to play?
Answer: The girls began to play in a lane between two homesteads where a large puddle had formed.
c. Why did Akoulya get angry with Malasha?
Answer: Akoulya got angry with Malasha because Malasha splashed water on Akoulya's frock and face.
d. Why did the crowd gather in the street?
Answer: The crowd gathered in the street because the mothers of both the girls were quarreling and shouting at each other.
e. How did Akoulya's grandmother try to calm down the crowd?
Answer: Akoulya's grandmother tried to calm down the crowd by stepping in among them and speaking to them by reminding them that it was time for rejoicing and not for quarrelling.
f. Why are the girls called wiser than men?
Answer: The girls are called wiser than men because they were able to settle down the dispute or forget the conflict immediately and started playing happily together while men were still fighting.
g. What lesson do you learn from the story?
Answer: The lesson we learn from the story is that adults should learn to remain simple and happy from the innocence and wisdom of children. Children forgive, forget, and find happiness in everything.

D. Remember a similar incident that happened during your childhood and share it in the class.

Answer:

I remember an incident that actually didn't happen in my neighbourhood but happened in my own family. One stormy day, my father and mother had some misunderstanding. At first I didn't know what the issue was. But when I paid attention, I knew that the root cause of the misunderstanding was that the storm had blown away my mother's clothes. They were blaming each other. But in reality, I had already picked the washings when the storm had just started. I handed the washings to my mom and there they were so sorry and ashamed with the realization of making an unnecessary fuss.

Grammar I

A. Study the following sentences and notice how the affirmative sentences change into negative.

Affirmative Negative
a. He sometimes goes swimming. He does not always go swimming.
b. Manisha has a bath daily. Manisha does not have a bath daily.
c. Have a cup of tea. Do not have a cup of tea.
d. I have already met him. I have not met him yet.
e. Only he can solve it. None but he can solve it.
f. Only this medicine could save him. Nothing but this medicine could save him.
g. I want a little milk. I do not want much milk.
h. Let's listen to the music. Let's not listen to the music.
i. You must buy it. You need not buy it.
j. I liked it, too. I did not like it, either.
k. He had to do the job on time. He did not have to do the job on time.

B. Transform the following sentences into negative.

a. My sister lives with my parents.
Answer: My sister does not live with my parents.

b. Maryam knows the answer well.
Answer: Maryam does not know the answer well.

c. I want to leave now.
Answer: I do not want to leave now.

d. Anusha agrees with me.
Answer: Anusha does not agree with me.

e. The boy killed the cockroach with his shoe.
Answer: The boy did not kill the cockroach with his shoe.

f. His father recognized me at once.
Answer: His father did not recognize me at once.

g. He apologized for his misconduct.
Answer: He did not apologize for his misconduct.

h. He ate a few mangoes.
Answer: He did not eat a few mangoes. (few - not many) (little - not much)

i. We sold a little honey.
Answer: We did not sell a little honey.

j. The rich are sometimes happy.
Answer: The rich are rarely happy.

k. Kanchan frequently visits me.
Answer: Kanchan rarely visits me.

I. Shailesh bought several books.
Answer: Shailesh did not buy any books.

m. Garima let me use her toilet. didn't let
Answer: Garima did not let me use her toilet.

n. All of them can help her.
Answer: None of them can help her.

C. Complete the following sentences choosing the correct forms of verbs in brackets.

a. A number of soldiers .......... (was, were, are) injured in the war.
Answer: A number of soldiers were injured in the war.

b. The number of deceased soldiers .......... (were, is, are) not stored in the record book.
Answer: The number of deceased soldiers is not stored in the record book.

c. A pack of lions .......... (was, were, is) approaching the camp.
Answer: A pack of lions was approaching the camp.

d. His pants .......... (was, were, is) torn during the match.
Answer: His pants were torn during the match.

f. The truthful trustworthy .......... (was, is, are) always trustworthy.
Answer: The truthful trustworthy is always trustworthy.

g. To cry .......... (was, are, is) never the solution to any problems.
Answer: To cry is never the solution to any problems.

h. Here .......... (lie, lies, lying) the tomb of Albert Einstein.
Answer: Here lies the tomb of Albert Einstein.

i. Either she or her friends ....... (was, is, are) responsible for this accident.
Answer: Either she or her friends are responsible for this accident.

j. None .......... (were, is, are) under the sun.
Answer: None is under the sun.

k. All that .......... (glitter/ glitters/glittering) is not gold.
Answer: All that glitters is not gold.

l. Everything .......... (is, were, are) fine when it's done correctly.
Answer: Everything is fine when it's done correctly.

m. Either the sculpture or the paintings .......... (was, were, are) in the museum today.
Answer: Either the sculpture or the paintings are in the museum today.

n. Each of the dancers .......... (twirl, twirls, twirling) brilliantly.
Answer: Each of the dancers twirls brilliantly.

o. Neither she nor I .......... (were, am, are) getting the lunch special.
Answer: Neither she nor I am getting the lunch special.

Writing I

You might have read or heard some moral stories. Write your favourite one in your own words.

Answer:

The Power of Kindness and Compassion

Once upon a time, in a small village, there lived a kind-hearted farmer named John. He was known for his generosity and willingness to help others. One day, while working in his fields, John discovered a small injured bird with a broken wing. He carefully picked it up and decided to take it home to nurse it back to health. He created a cozy nest for the bird and provided it with food and water every day. He patiently tended to its needs, hoping that one day it would fly again.

Weeks passed, and the bird's wing gradually healed. It regained its strength and was ready to take flight. Sensing its readiness, John gently released the bird from his hands, watching as it soared high into the sky. As the bird flew away, it circled back and landed on a nearby tree branch. It chirped happily, expressing gratitude to John for his kindness.

Overjoyed, John smiled and said, "Fly freely, my little friend. Remember, when you have the strength to soar, never forget the helping hand that lifted you up." The bird nodded, understanding the message. From that day forward, it visited John's farm regularly, bringing him joy with its beautiful songs.

The moral of the story is that kindness and compassion can have a lasting impact on others. Just as John's kindness helped the bird, our actions can uplift those in need and inspire them to spread their own wings of kindness in the world.
Or,

The Bamboo Flute and the Kind Farmer.

Once upon a time, in a small village in rural Nepal, there lived a poor farmer named Ravi. Despite facing hardships, Ravi was known for his kindness and generosity. One day, as he was working in his fields, he heard a faint sound carried by the wind. Curious, he followed the melody and discovered a bamboo flute lying near the edge of his farm.

Ravi picked up the flute and inspected it carefully. It was a simple yet beautiful instrument. He decided to keep it safe, thinking someone might return to claim it. Days turned into weeks, but no one came forward. Ravi, however, grew fond of the flute and started to play it during his breaks from farming.
The sweet tunes of the flute began to spread throughout the village. People would pause in their daily chores to listen to the enchanting music. Ravi's humble home became a centre of peace and joy.

One day, a young boy named Arjun, who had lost the flute, heard the familiar tunes while passing through Ravi's village. He followed the melody until he reached Ravi's doorstep. Arjun approached Ravi and explained how the flute belonged to him. Ravi smiled warmly.

Ravi said, "The flute came to me, and I have cherished it. Now, I see it has brought happiness to many. I will gladly return it to you, my young friend, but on one condition. Promise me that you will continue playing for the village and share the joy it brings."

Arjun was overwhelmed with gratitude. He promised Ravi that he would not only play the flute for the village but also teach others the art of playing. From that day onward, the bamboo flute continued its magical tunes, spreading happiness and creating a bond of kindness and harmony among the villagers.

The moral of the story is that kindness and generosity, even in the face of adversity, can lead to unexpected joys.

Reading II

World Record

A. Complete the following table to extend the words to different word classes.

Answer:
S.N. Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1 Ironize Irony Ironic, Ironical Ironically
2 Charm Charm Charming Charmingly
3 Scorch ScorcherScorching Scorchingly
4 Sizzle Sizzler Sizzling Sizzlingly
5 Beautify Beauty Beautiful Beautifully
6 Purify PurityPure Purely
7 Taste TasteTasty, Tasteful Tastefully
8 Surprise Surprise Surprising Surprisingly

B. Write True for true and False for false statements.

Answer:

a. Two people are going to cast their performance to break the world record today. - True
b. Michael is one of the contestants. - False
c. Michael also tried dipping his foot on the bucket. - False
d. Albert broke the world record for standing on a bucket of hot soup. - False
e. The word 'sizzling' is similar in meaning to "scorching". - True
f. The program is a comedy show. - True

C. Answer these questions.

a. Who is Mabel Phillips?

Answer: Mabel Phillips is a contestant who is attempting to break a world record.

b. What is she trying to do?

Answer: Mabel Phillips is trying to lean on a brush.

c. How do they maintain the heat of the soup?

Answer: They maintain the heat of the soup by pouring hot soup from time to time.

d. How far was Albert from breaking the record?

Answer: Albert was only six seconds away from breaking the record.

e. How did the man lose his trousers?

Answer: The man lost his trousers while taking a bath.

f. Why do you think Mabel pushed Albert?

Answer: I think Mabel pushed Albert to make the audience laugh.

E. How do you feel if somebody interrupt you in the verge of winning point? Do you thin it is ethical?

Answer:

If someone interrupts me on the verge of winning point, I feel irritated. Interrupting someone on the verge of winning a point, whether in a game, argument, or any competitive situation, is generally considered discourteous and often unethical. It can be seen as a breach of sportsmanship or fair play, as it disrupts the natural flow of the competition and may undermine the sense of achievement for the individual reaching the winning point. Ethical behavior in competitive settings typically involves respecting the rules, showing consideration for opponents, and allowing fair play to prevail.

Grammar II

Transformation of Sentences

A. Change the following sentences into affirmative.

a. Dev Narayan does not perform well.
Answer: Dev Naryan performs well.

b. The dog did not bite Fatima.
Answer: The dog bit Fatima.

c. A room in the flat did not need painting.
Answer: A room in the flat needed painting.

d. All the students did not have to sit in the re-examination.
Answer: All students had to sit in the re-examination.

e. He never drinks wine.
Answer: He always drinks wine.

f. Don't pour much water in the curry.
Answer: Pour a little water in the curry. (Pour much water in the curry.)

g. Nobody came to me.
Answer: Somebody came to me.

h. There is not any one in the locality living in luxury.
Answer: There is someone in the locality living in luxury.

i. He does not have a bath every day.
Answer: He has a bath every day.

j. Neither the boy nor the man goes to school.
Answer: Either the boy or the man goes to school.

k. She does not have anything in her bag.
Answer: She has something in her bag.

I. He does not work with us.
Answer: He works with us.

B. Rewrite the following letter correcting the errors in subject-verb agreement.

Dear Hiring Manager,

I feel that I am the ideal candidate for the position of Communication Manager in your company. I have three years of experience as a receptionist in a company that are similar to yours. My phone skills and written communication is excellent. These skills, and others that I have learned on the job, helps me understand that every person in a company help make the business a success. At my current job, the team always say that I am very helpful. Everyone appreciate when I go the extra mile to get the job done right. My current employer and co-workers feels that I am an asset to the team. I along with my colleagues are efficient and organized. Is there any other details about me that you would like to know? If so, please contact me. Here are my resume. You can reach me by e-mail or phone. I looks forward to speaking with you in person.

Sincerely Yours
Adara Banu
Answer:

Dear Hiring Manager,

I feel that I am the ideal candidate for the position of Communication Manager in your company. I have three years of experience as a receptionist in a company that is similar to yours. My phone skills and written communication are excellent. These skills, and others that I have learned on the job, help me understand that every person in a company helps make the business a success. At my current job, the team always says that I am very helpful. Everyone appreciates when I go the extra mile to get the job done right. My current employer and co-workers feel that I am an asset to the team. I along with my colleagues are efficient and organized. Are there any other details about me that you would like to know? If so, please contact me. Here is my resume. You can reach me by e-mail or phone. I look forward to speaking with you in person.

Sincerely Yours
Adara Banu

Writing II

B. Write a similar message of condolence using the given outlines.

Jayananda Lama (1956-2022)....... passed away at his residence, Kaushaltar Bhaktapur
senior folk singer and actor incredible loss for the Nepall art sector........... Kalakate Kainvo, Herda Ramro..... Chuin Chuin Chuilkane Joota, Mulako Ghana his super hit folk songs..........acted in more than a hundred movies....... heartfelt condolences

Answer:

HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES!!!


Late Jayananda Lama
(1956-2022)

We are deeply saddened to share the sudden passing away of Jayananda Lama, a revered figure in the Nepali art sector. His artistic journey encompassed both senior folk singing and acting, making his mark in multiple realms of creative expression. His residence in Kaushaltar Bhaktapur served as a backdrop to his illustrious career, which sadly came to an end in 2022.

Lama's musical skill vibrated through hits like "Kalakate Kainvo," Herda Ramro," "Chuin Chuin Chuilkane Joota," and "Mulako Ghana," all of which won the hearts of countless listeners. His voice carried the essence of Nepali folk traditions, bridging generations and introducing cultural pride.

Beyond his musical contributions, Jayananda Lama's talent extended to the silver screen. His on-screen personality and dedication to his craft made him famous among Nepalese around the world.

We are with the whole nation in mourning. We extend our heartfelt condolences to the entire bereaved family members at his colossal loss. May God gives them strength to bear the pain. Solstice pray for the eternal peace of the departed soul.

Nepal Sangeet School Family
Kathmandu, Nepal

C. Imagine you and your friend. Purna were working in a factory. Unfortunately he broke his hand while working with a machine. Write a letter of sympathy using the clues given below.

Purna - 28 years old - working together for 3 years - regular and dutiful -a sort of mechanical failure - gets hand broken on 20th Oct 2022 in hospital under treatment - wish speedy recovery.

Answer:

Waling - 1, Syangja
14th May, 2025

Dear Pushan,

I trust this letter finds you well. I wanted to reach out to express my concern and send my best wishes to you. I've had the pleasure of working alongside for the past three years with you.

I was deeply saddened to hear about the unfortunate incident that took place on 20th October 2022, resulting in your hand being broken. It's sad to hear about such unexpected challenges, especially for someone as regular and dutiful as you. The incident is a reminder that even the most diligent and dedicated individuals can sometimes face unforeseen setbacks, often due to circumstances beyond their control.

I can only imagine the discomfort and inconvenience you must be experiencing while undergoing treatment at the hospital. Please accept my heartfelt well wishes and positive thoughts for your swift and complete recovery. I eagerly look forward to your return to good health and return to our work environment.

If there is anything I can do to offer support during your challenging time, please do not hesitate to let me know. Please keep me updated on your progress, and I hope to hear positive news soon.

Wishing your a speedy recovery and looking forward to your return.

Sincerely yours,
Nischal

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DR Gurung
A Learner (अज्ञान जस्तो ठूलो शत्रु अरु केही छैन।) 🙏🙏😍😍
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